A. Gene editing for inherited diseases
B. Gut microbiome’s effect on mental health
C. Discovery of novel vaccines for viral diseases
D. Mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance
In 2025, the Medicine Nobel was awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their discoveries about peripheral immune tolerance.
Our immune system is strong—sometimes too strong. It needs control, so it doesn’t attack our own tissues. The laureates uncovered how regulatory T cells and specific molecular pathways keep this balance.
Their work is the foundation for developing treatments for autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant rejection. If we understand how tolerance is maintained or broken, we can design therapies to restore it.